The Government of Canada has taken a significant step toward addressing the risks posed by per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), commonly known as “forever chemicals.” On September 26, 2025, Environment and Climate Change Canada launched a consultation on Phase 1 of its PFAS Risk Management Plan. This phase focuses on firefighting foams that remain one of the largest sources of contamination.
Why PFAS Are a Concern
PFAS are synthetic chemicals valued for their resistance to heat, oil,
and water. However, these same properties make them extremely persistent in the
environment. Exposure to PFAS has been linked to negative health impacts,
including liver and kidney damage, thyroid dysfunction, immune suppression, and
developmental issues. In wildlife, PFAS have been shown to harm reproduction, growth, and immune functions,
threatening ecosystems and biodiversity.
The first phase of the government’s action plan specifically targets aqueous film-forming foams (AFFFs), which are
widely used in civil and military aviation, shipping, and the petroleum and
chemical sectors. While these foams are highly effective at extinguishing
flammable liquid fires, they are also a major source of PFAS pollution in
drinking water and soil. Canada’s proposed measures aim to eliminate the
remaining unregulated uses of these foams while promoting the adoption of safer
alternatives.
Canada is
implementing a three-phase approach to
reduce PFAS risks.
● Phase 1: Address PFAS in firefighting foams not yet covered by regulations.
● Phase 2: Restrict PFAS in non-essential uses, particularly in consumer products.
●
Phase 3: Assess critical uses of PFAS where no viable alternatives exist, with
the goal of identifying safe substitutes in the long term.
This class-based
approach ensures that one harmful PFAS is not simply replaced by another with
similar toxic properties.
The risk management measures are being developed under the Canadian Environmental Protection Act, 1999
(CEPA). By adding PFAS (excluding fluoropolymers) to Schedule 1, Part 2, the
government can regulate the entire class of chemicals. Canada already restricts
several PFAS through the Prohibition of Certain Toxic Substances Regulations,
and new updates proposed in 2022 aim to further tighten controls, including the
phase-out of C8 AFFF foams with limited exemptions for critical
applications.
According to Julie Dabrusin, the
Minister of Environment and Climate Change, the proposed phase-out will prevent
future contamination and drive the transition to effective alternatives. Marjorie
Michel, the Minister of Health, emphasized that these actions are
necessary to protect Canadians today and for future generations.
The consultation on Phase 1 is open until November 25, 2025. Feedback
from industry, civil society, and the public will guide the development of new
regulations. Once finalized, these measures will significantly reduce PFAS
releases into the environment and encourage the shift toward safer firefighting
technologies.