New Zealand proposes to reduce lead levels in paint

On October 27, 2023, the New Zealand Environmental Protection Authority (EPA) released a set of proposals with the aim to protect people’s health and safety by reducing the maximum allowable levels of lead in paint. The proposals are open for comment until January 26, 2024. 

Toxicity of Lead 

Lead, a metal known for its high toxicity, poses significant health risks. It accumulates in the body, and no level of exposure is considered safe. Health issues resulting from lead exposure include irreversible damage to the brain and nervous system, anaemia, kidney damage, and impaired reproductive function. 

The environmental harm caused by lead extends beyond human health. This toxic element adversely affects plants, animals, and micro-organisms, demonstrating a universally detrimental effect. 

Historical Use of Lead in Paint 

The use of lead in paints dates back to at least the 4th century BCE. It was incorporated for colouring, drying enhancement, and as a corrosion inhibitor. Common lead pigments in paints include lead(II) chromate (chrome yellow), lead(II,IV) oxide (red lead), and lead(II) carbonate (white lead). Lead is also found in various coatings like varnishes, lacquers, enamels, glazes, and primers. 

Lead is released into the environment during the production, application, and degradation of paint. Lead dust from chipping or peeling paint poses a risk of inhalation, ingestion, or skin contact. 

EPA's Proposed Regulations to Limit Lead Exposure 

The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has outlined proposals to reduce lead hazards. These include: 

1. Capping lead in paints at 90 ppm under the Surface Coatings and Colourants Group Standards and the Aerosols Group Standards. 

2. Implementing lead limits in the Corrosion Inhibitors Group Standards. 

3. Requiring evidence of compliance with relevant lead levels. 

4. Revising element migration limits in graphic materials. 

5. Updating the AS/NZS ISO 8124.3 standard, which governs lead leaching from toys to the latest version. 

6. Amending the standards so that children's graphic materials only comply with the Graphic Materials Group Standard. 

7. Remove the notification requirement from the Graphic Materials Group Standard. 

8. Implement these changes 6 months after the Gazette notification. 

9. Disposing of non-compliant products within 6 months of the amendment. 

EPA's primary goal is to protect public health by reducing permissible levels of lead in paint. Additionally, the Agency is seeking to minimize lead risks in children's graphic materials, such as finger paints, crayons, and felt-tip pens. 

Public Participation Opportunity 

EPA is seeking public feedback on these proposals to lower lead levels in paint and graphic materials. The community can submit their responses until 26 January 2024 and play a crucial role in shaping these health-protective measures.